第四部分進一步閱讀書目

試圖解釋人類近期歷史總體方向的著作包括:Daniel Chirot,Social Change in the Twentieth Century(New York,1977);Angus Maddison,Dynamic Forces in Capitalist Development:A Long Run Comparative View(Oxford,1991);Joseph M.Kitagawa,The Quest for Human Unity:A Religious History(Minneapolis,1990);Trevor I.Williams, Science:A History of Discovery in the Twentieth Century(New York,1990);Kenneth Boulding, The Meaning of the Twentieth Century:The Great Transition (New York,1964);William H.McNeill,The Human Condition:An Ecological and Historical View(Princeton,1980);Alfred W.Crosby,Ecological Imperialism:The Biological Expansion of Europe,900~1900(Cambridge,1986);B.L.Turner II,ed.,The Earth as Transformed by Human Action:Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere over the Past300 Years(Cambridge,1990);Norbert Wiener,The Human Use of Human Beings,Cybernetics and Society(Garden City,N.Y.,1954);和Alfred D.Chandler,Jr.,Scale and Scope:The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism(Cambridge,Mass.,1990)。

國際政治由下列著作進行了富有洞見的論述:A.J.P.Tailor,The Struggle for Mastery in Europe,1848~1918(Oxford,1987);Norman Rich,Great Power Diplomacy,1814~1914(New York,1992);Paul M.Kennedy,The Rise and Fall of the Great Power:Economic Change and Military Conflict from1500 to2000 (New York,1989);Hugh Tinker,Race,Conflict and the International Order:From Empire to United Nations(London,1977);和Walter A.McDougall,The Heavens and the Earth:A Political History of the Space Age(New York,1985)。

關於帝國主義,經典的馬克思主義解釋見Vladimir I.Lenin,Imperialism,The Highest Stage of Capitalism(New York,1939)。關於其他觀點,見:Wolfgang J.Mommsen,Theories of Imperialism(Chicago,1982);Woodruff D.Smith,European Imperialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries(Chicago,1982);Daniel R.Headrick,The Tools of Empire:Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century(New York,1981);和Philip Darby,Three Faces of Imperialism:British and American Approaches to Asia and Africa,1870~1970(New Haven,Conn.,1987)。

關於戰爭,值得推薦的書目包括:Theodore J.Ropp,War in the Modern World,rev.ed.(New York,1962);Michael Howard,War in European History(Oxford,976);William H.McNeill,Pursuit of Power:Technology,Armed Force,and Society since A.D.1000(Chicago,1982);和Raymond Aron,The Century of Total War(Boston,1955)。關於一戰的序幕,見Laurence Lafore,The Long Fuse:An Interpretation of the Origins of World War I(Philadelphia,1965),和Fritz Fischer,Germanys Arms in the First World War(New York,1967)特別有趣。關於第一次世界大戰,見Marc Ferro,The Great War,1914~1918(New York,1989);Barbara Tuchman,The Guns of August(New York,1982);和 Gerd Hartach,The First World War1914~1918(Berkeley,1981)。

關於俄國革命,John Reed,Ten Days That Shock the World(New York,1992)是一名富有激情的記者的經典而富有同情心的現場描述。Leon Trosky, History of the Russian Revolution,3 vols.(London,1932~1933;reissue,New York,1980),是一部由十月革命宣傳家之一撰寫的卓越的、富有見地的歷史著作。關於其他觀點,見Edward Acton,Rethinking the Russian Revolution(London,1990);E.H.Carr,The Bolshevik Revolution,1917~1923, 3vols.(London,1985);John L.H.Keep,The Russian Revolution:A Study in Mass Mobilization(New York,1976);和Allan K.Wildman,The End of the Russian Imperial Army,2 vols.(Princeton,1980~1987).關於蘇維埃社會和政府,Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge:The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism,rev.ed.(New York,1989),是從俄國內部發出的強烈批評觀點。局外人的評估包括:Robert C.Tucker,Stalin in Power:The Revolution from Above(New York,1990);Adam B.Ulam,Stalin:The Man and His Era,rev.ed.(Boston,1989);和Alec Nove,An Economic History of the USSR,1917~1991,3rded.(Harmondsworth,1992)。

關於戰後和20世紀30年代的“大蕭條”,見Sally Marks,The Illusion of Peace:International Relations in Europe1918~1933 (New York,1976);Franz Borkenau,World Communism:A History of the Communist International(Ann Arbor,Mich.,1962);Hannah Arendt,The Origins of Totalitarianism(San Diego,1979);Ernst Nolte,Three Faces of Fascism:Action Francaise,Italian Fascism,National Socialism,(New York,1969);Charles P.Kindelberger,The World in Depression,1929~1939(Berkeley,Cal.,1986);和Hugh Thomas,The Spanish Civil War,rev.ed.(1977)。

為了理解那些轉變公共事務的思想潮流,最好是閱讀原著。下面是一些最有影響的著作:Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,The Communist Manifesto(1848 and available in numerous reprints)短小精悍;Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf(New York,1939)極其冗長而不著邊際,但是“法西斯主義”一文最初發表在Encyclopedia Italiana,而且經常被重印——例如,本尼托·墨索裏尼,Fascism:Doctrine and Institutions(New York,1968)一書就收錄了此文——就比較簡短而清晰。Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams (初版於1899年;1987年紐約重印),既簡短又有趣;Albert Einstein,The Meaning of Relativity,5th ed.(New York,1956)非常成功地把抽象的物理學變得普通讀者也能理解。有幫助的二手著作包括:Stuart Hughes,Consciousness and Society:the Reorientation of European Social Thought,1890~1930,rev.ed.(New York,1977);James H.Billington,Fire in the Minds of Men:Origins of the Revolutionary Faith(New York,1980);和Jim Sampson,ed.,The Late Romantic Era:From mid-Nineteenth Century to World War I(Englewood Cliffs,N.J.,1991)。