第三部分進一步閱讀書目

歐洲偉大的地理大發現之後,全球各地的互相聯系空前緊密了,眾多歷史學家通過研究跨區域和跨文明的主題而反映了這個事實。其中最有趣的是:John H.Parry,Europe and a Wider World,1415~1715(New York,1949);John H.Parry,The Age of Reconnaissance:Discovery,Exploration and Settlement,1450~1650(New York,1963);P.M.Ashburn,The Ranks of Death:A Medical History of the Conquest of America(New York,1947);Donald F.Lach,Asia in the Making of Europe,multivolume(Chicago,1965~ );A.Greenfell Price,The Western Invasions of the Pacific and Its Continents:A Study of Moving Frontiers and Changing Landscapes,1513~1958(Oxford,1963);J.H.Elliott,The Old World and the New,1492~1650(New York,1970);Alfred W.Crosby,Jr.,The Columbian Exchange:Biological and Cultural Consequences of1492 (Westport,Conn.,1972);Niels Steensgaard,Carracks,Caravans,and Companies:the Structural Crisis in the European Asian Trade in the Early Seventeenth Century(Lund,Sweden,1973);Carlo M.Cipolla,Guns,Sails and Empires:Technological Innovation and the Early Phases of European Expansion,1400~1700 (New York,1966);Walter D.Wyman and Clifton B.Kroeber,eds.,The Frontier in Perspective(Madison,Wisc.,1957);Robert R.Palmer,The Age of Democratic Revolution:A Political History of Europe and America,1760~1800,2 vols.(Princeton,1959,1964);Hans Kohn,The Age of Nationalism:The First Era of Global History(New York,1962);W.S.and E.S.Woytinsky,World Population and Production:Trends and Outlook(New York,1953);和Barrington Moore,Jr.引起爭議的Social Orgins of Dictatorship and Democracy,Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World(Boston,1966)。

歐洲與西方。相關著作汗牛充棟,令人眼花繚亂。一部非常流行而且寫得很好的通史教材是Robert R.Palmer and Joel Colton,A History of the Modern World,5th ed.(New York,1977)。以下著作論述了偉大的歐洲帝國:Charles R.Boxer,Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion,1415~1825(Chester Springs,Pa.,1961);C.H.Haring,The Spanish Empire in America(New York,1947);W.B.Willcox,Star of Empire:A Study of Britain as a World Power,1485~1945(New York,1950)。關於第四個偉大的歐洲帝國法國,我不知道英語世界有任何堪與上述著作相比的論著,但是關於總體情況,參見D.K.Feildhouse,The Colonial Empires(New York,1966)。下列著作特別論述了歐洲內部政治演變:Crane Brinton,Anatomy of Revolution,rev.ed.(New York,1952);Peter Gay,The Enlightenment,An Interpretation(New York,1966);J.R.Pole,Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic(New York,1966);Eric J.Hobsbawm,The Age of Revolutions,1789~1848(Cleveland,1963)。關於法國大革命,George Lefebvre,The French Revolution,2 vols.(Cambridge,1965)堪與兩位觀點相反的一流專家的著作相提並論:Albert Soboul,The Parisian Sans-Culottes and the French Revolution,1793~1994(Oxford,1964)和Alfred Cobban,The Social Interpretation of the French Revolution(Cambridge,1964)。關於現代其他重要的轉型,Phylis Dean,The First Industrial Revolution(Cambridge,1965);John Calpham,The Economic Development of France and Germany,1815~1914,4thed.(Cambridge,1936);David Landes,Prometheus Unbond(London,1969)和Walt W.Rostow,The Stages of Economic Growth,(Cambridge,1960)值得推薦。Peter N.Stearns,European Society in Upheaval(New York,1967)和George Mosse,The Culture of Western Europe:The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries:An Introduction(Chicago,1961)分別是各自論述主題的標準。兩次世界大戰期間,法國興起了一個獨特的歷史學派,其代表作是英譯本Fernand Braudel,The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip the II,2 vols.(New York,1972~1973)和Lucien Fevre,Life in Renaissance France(Cambridge,Mass.,1977)。

比一般著作更有趣的論述歐洲科學、技術和經濟的著作包括:Alfred Rupert Hall,The Scientific Revolution,1500~1800(Boston,1954);Herbert Butterfield,The Origins of Modern Science,1300~1800(London and New York,1957);Abraham Wolf et al.,A History of Science,Technology and Philosophy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,2nd ed.(New York,1951);Sir Eric Ashby,Technology and the Academics:An Essay on Universities and the Scientific Revolution(London,1958);John Francis Guimartin,Jr.,Gunpowder to Galleys:Changing Technology and Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the Sixteenth Century(New York,1975);Fernand Braudel,Capitalism and Material Life,1400~800(New York,1973);John U.Nef,Industry and Government in France and England,1540~1640 (Philadelphia,1940);W.W.Rostow,British Economy of the Nineteenth Century(Oxford,1948)。